By Rabbi Yair Hoffman for the Five Towns Jewish Times

Please be advised that the Five Towns Jewish Times will be made available this week on Friday morning rather than Thursday morning. However, due to the important nature of this article – it is being released early. To read it in its entirety, please pick up the 5TJT tomorrow morning.

MODERN TECHNOLOGY

In the past 30 years or so, refrigerators have undergone numerous changes and upgrades in technology. These are wonderful in terms of increasing energy efficiency and reducing the costs of electricity, but they are not necessarily so good in terms of hilchos Shabbos.

The heterim, the leniencies, that we once had in terms of using refrigerators, are no longer as valid on account of the newer technologies that have been adopted by the refrigerator manufacturers.

THE ORIGINAL QUESTIONS

The original refrigerators had the following halachic question:

When the refrigerator or freezer door is kept open, warmer air comes in. This could cause the compressor, which cools the air, to be turned on. Is causing the compressor to turn on a Torah prohibition or a Rabbinic prohibition? Is opening the door considered a direct action or a grama, a secondary result of a primary action, which under certain circumstances would be permitted?

THE FOUR EARLY ANSWERS

There were actually four different approaches to the refrigerator question in the late forties, fifties, and sixties.

1] Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach zt”l ruled that one can open the refrigerator door without a problem whether the compressor is on or off. (Minchas Shlomo Vol. I #10)

2] Rav Moshe Feinstein zt”l ruled that one can technically open the refrigerator even when the compressor is off, but it is preferable to wait and only do it when the compressor is on. (Igros Moshe OC Vol. II #68)

3] Rav Eliyahu Henkin zt”l ruled that one can only open the refrigerator when the compressor is on and it is forbidden to do so when the compressor is off. This was also the view of Rav Elyashiv zt”l as cited in Mitbach K’halacha page 303.

4] The Chazon Ish ruled that it is forbidden to open the refrigerator at all whether the compressor is on or off. (Cited in HaPardes Cheshvan 5719/1958)
In the United States, some followed Rav Henkin, some followed Rav Moshe, but the vast majority eventually followed the view of Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach zt”l. His three-fold rationale was:

• that the compressor was only a Rabbinic violation

• that the opening of the door that allowed the surrounding air to enter was a grama on a Psik Reisha

• and that it did not always happen.

On account of avoiding the negation of Oneg Shabbos – taking delight in Shabbos, he allowed opening the door even when the compressor was off.

NEW ISSUES

But that was then, when the only question was causing the compressor to turn on. Now, on account of the new technology, there are numerous other issues.
The issues are:

Modern refrigerators have door sensors that detect every time the door is opened and report back to the computer.

The modern refrigerators also have instantly reactive digital thermostats. The early thermostats in refrigerators were based upon mercury thermometers with electrodes inserted directly through the glass, so that when a fixed temperature was reached the contacts would be closed by the mercury and the compressor would turn on. These were accurate to within a degree of temperature.

Modern thermostats use a number of sensor technologies such as, bimetallic mechanical or electrical sensors, electronic thermistors and semiconductor devices, and electrical thermocouples. These can and often control the defrosting and cooling apparatuses instantly.

Manufacturers have now started using adaptive defrost controls where the heating coil of the defrost mechanism is directly connected to the temperature settings and thermostats. These controls measure compressor runtime and or number of door openings and then automatically run the defrost cycle. For example, Maytag and Whirlpool models automatically run the defrost after 4 hours of compressor time.

The newer electronic damper controls are now controlled by heat sensors attached to computer chips. The controls of the damper, like the defrost cycle, are no longer mechanical and occur with immediate repercussions when the refrigerator is opened.

In Israel, Rabbonim and engineers has been trying to create technological solutions to address these problems. The Shabbos mode settings in Israel take all of these issues into account. Visit your Israeli cousin in Har Nof, Ramat Beit Shemesh, or Rechavia, and see this for yourself. In America, by and large, the Rabbonim and Poskim have not addressed the halachic problems – until a technological solution has been developed.

To address the issue, the Star K worked with manufacturers to develop models with a Shabbos Mode. These models addressed the issue of the defrost cycle, but they did not address a number of the other issues. The computer is constantly taking readings and electronic information. It seems that the Shabbos Mode is relying on a leniency that a computer may be utilized as long as the digital display is not seen. Many Poskim have questioned this ruling, some even stating that the use of a computer is either a biblical prohibition of Writing or of Makeh B’Patish.

STAR K’S EXPLANATION

This author reached out to Rabbi Avrohom Mushel from the Star-K who explained that Rav Heinemann Shlita spoke to Rav Elyashiv zt”l who said that as long as the refrigerator does not take any action that is not a grama when it takes in any information, then there is no violation being performed. Rav Heinemann is of the opinion that these are still considered a Grama and are therefore not forbidden.

When Rav Elyashiv zt”l was consulted by Poskim in Eretz Yisroel, however, he indicated that a computer collecting information would be considered a serious problem, as the letter he had signed indicates.
The fact of the matter is was not uncommon for Rav Elyashiv to at times be quoted in a contradictory manner.

This author spoke to Rav Hershel Schachter Shlita who held that recording the information on a computer would under many circumstances at least be considered Ksiva Miderabanan. He also felt that there may be issues of Davar Shemiskavain – the person intends for it to happen since it is beneficial for him – even on a Rabbinic violation.

This author also spoke to Rabbi Eli Gersten of the OU and he stated that Rav Yisroel Belsky zt”l pushed very much to have timers on refrigerators. Indeed, he told Rabbi Gertsen that his grandfather, Rav Wilhelm used to sell timers in his hardware store, and they called it the Rav Henkin switch. Rabbi Gersten also stated that Rav Belsky zt”l used the language of “chshashos – concerns” of a Torah prohibition.

Rabbi Gersten further stated that when one student from Yeshiva Torah V’Daas (who accompanied Rav Belsky at the OU on Thursdays when he came I to rule on questions) expressed grave concerns when he had just purchased a new refrigerator he said, “Look until a timer comes out, just open it with a shinui. When the timer comes out – purchase it.”

Regardless, in Israel, most of the manufacturers have devised devices that circumvent the computer entirely. This has not happened here in the United States as of yet.

There is, however, another semi-solution for all American refrigerators and freezers which will be addressed at the end of this article.

HOW REFRIGERATORS WORK

What follows is a short explanation of how refrigerators are different, and the halachic problems that technology has brought.

In order for a refrigerator to work, the cooling of air must take place in a closed, sealed system. When the gas expands it absorbs heat calories and cools down the surrounding air.

There are essentially four items in the sealed system: They are 1] the compressor, 2] the condenser, 3] the metering device evaporator and 4] the suction tube.

• What happens first is the refrigerant gas (such as R-134 or R-12) enters into the compressor in its gas form.

• The compressor then raises both the pressure and the temperature of the gas.

• The gas then enters the condenser (normally located under or behind the refrigerator) still in gas form. It exits as a liquid.

• The now high pressure/high temperature liquid refrigerant enters a metering device or capillary tube and exits as a low pressure/ low temperature liquid.

• The low pressure/low temperature liquid refrigerant now enters the evaporator located inside the freezer. It now exits as a low pressure/low temperature gas.

• Finally, it enters the suction tube and exits into the compressor in gas form.

UNDERSTANDING ELECTRONIC DAMPER CONTROL

To function properly, the refrigerator freezer needs good airflow. The evaporator, located within the freezer provides the cold air that the fresh food section and the freezer sections need. A fan above the evaporator blows air into these sections. The damper controls the rate of the airflow.

It used to be that the dampers were manually controlled by hand. Now most are electronically controlled and use an electric motor. A fan is also controlled electronically that provides airflow through the condenser to cool it off. If there is a block to any of these airflows, the refrigerators do not function well.

DEFROST

After the compressor runs for a while a level of frost develops on top of the evaporator. A defroster mechanism is used to remove this ice, because it will eventually block the airflow. During the defrost cycle, the refrigeration is cut off and the defrost heater comes on to melt the ice off the evaporator. Once the temperature reaches between 47-50 degrees Fahrenheit, depending on the model, the defrost thermostat stops the defrost cycle.

Refrigerators go through a defrost cycle anywhere from once every four hours to once every 48 hours. There are two types of defrost controls, adaptive defrost controls and the old mechanical defrost timers.

ADAPTIVE DEFROST CONTROLS

More electricity is used in refrigerators during the defrost than any other function or cycle in the unit. Manufacturers, therefore, developed adaptive defrost control technology. The adaptive defrost control adapts the defrost cycle to each individual unit’s use. Some adaptive defrost systems utilize door sensors. The greater number of times that the door is opened, the greater the need for the defrost cycle. On GE refrigerators with adaptive defrost, a defrost cycle occurs once every 48 hours if the doors are not opened at all during that time. The longer the door stays open in between defrost cycles, the more often it goes into a defrost cycle. Other adaptive defrost systems measure the compressor time and defrost after a certain number of hours of use. Both types may be game-changers in terms of Psik Raisha and Safaik Psik Raisha.

MECHANICAL DEFROST CONTROLS

The old method used a mechanical defrost timer which would vary depending upon each particular model. Some would defrost every six hours for 30 minutes and some would defrost every 12 hours for 35 minutes.

TEMPERATURE CONTROLS

Generally, refrigerators have two controls, one for the freezer and one for the fresh food. The fresh food control is a thermostat that cuts off the refrigerator when the fresh food section reaches a certain desired temperature. This is called the “Cold Control” and the cutoff temperature is between 33 and 42 degrees Fahrenheit.

On both older refrigerators and some new refrigerators, the freezer control controls a damper that either slows down or speeds up the rate in which the air enters the fresh food section. On newer models of refrigerators that have an electric damper control, the damper automatically opens and closes the damper. This is done by the computer using the data from the electronic sensors.

THE PARTIAL SOLUTION

There is a new timer that is now being marketed by Zman Technologies which essentially shuts off the refrigerator for four six minute periods every hour. There is a green light which indicates when you can open the refrigerator or freezer. A red light indicates when you cannot.

The timer contains a forty year calendar for Shabbos and Yom Tov and need not be reset for the life of the refrigerator once it is installed. The device has three different modes to adapt to the needs of each particular refrigerator model.

The device has OU certification. Both Rabbi Hershel Schachter as well as lhbc”l Rav Yisroel Belsky zt”l were behind the product.

WHICH FRIDGES

It is this author’s view that most Rabbonim and Poskim who research the issue in depth will conclude that the new issues need to be addressed in a halachically acceptable fashion.
The enclosed pictures show that virtually all Poskim in Eretz Yisroel have signed letters indicating the serious implications of this technology.

This is an issue that is currently being examined by leading Poskim and Kashrus and Rabbinic organizations. Many of them will be issuing rulings about how best to address the issues in the coming weeks or months.
The device is available at Five Towns Judaica on Central Avenue here in the Five Towns, and in Boro Park, Flatbush, Williamsburg, Monsey and Lakewood.

The author can be reached at [email protected]