By Rabbi Yair Hoffman for the 5tjt.com
It is a question that is on the minds of many people. Can the money that we pay for tuition be considered Maaser, the notion of giving one tenth of our income to charity? If so, are there differences between boys’ Yeshivos and girls’ schools? And finally, are there differences within different boys schools as well?
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Before we begin this subject, let’s briefly provide a general and necessary overview of the laws of Maaser.
THREE WAY DEBATE
There is a three-way debate as to the nature of Maaser. Some authorities understand Maaser as a full-fledged biblical obligation (Chsam Sofer’s reading of the Maharil, responsa YD 232). Others understand it as a rabbinic obligation (TaZ on YD 331:136), while others understand it as a mere Minhag, or custom (Responsa Maharam MiRottenberg #74; Bach YD 331). Believe it or not, most authorities rule like the third opinion, but nonetheless, it is a very important matter dating back to Avrohom Avinu, that should not be neglected.
The Chofetz Chaim writes (Ahavas Chessed Vol. II 20) that those who give Maaser have a remarkable advantage over those who merely give charity, in that Hashem Himself becomes a partner in their business.
WHO SHOULD MAASER BE GIVEN TO?
There are four levels of giving Maaser to the poor, which are not so well-known:
• Ideally, Maaser should be given to poor people who are related to the giver (see Shach YD 251:17).
• The second level is to give it to poor people who toil in the study of Torah (Ahavas Chesed Vol. II Chapter 19).
• The third level is to give it to the poor of one’s own community (ibid).
• The fourth level is to give it to poor people in general (ibid).
The Ramah writes (YD 249:1) that Maaser should NOT be given for general Dvar Mitzvah purposes – but should specifically be directed to the poor. There are three explanations for this Ramah.
• Since the money belongs to the poor – if he uses it for other purposes it is like he is stealing from the poor (Simple reading of Maharil cited in Chsam Sofer YD 231).
• Since he has accustomed to give his Maaser funds to the poor, it is as if he had specifically designated it so at the outset (Responsa Chsam Sofer YD 231).
• One may not pay for one’s general obligations through Tzedaka money – even if they are Mitzvah obligations (Be’er HaGola)
According to the Chsam Sofer (explanation two in the Ramah), if one were to make a condition when he first starts paying Maaser that he be allowed to spend it upon any other Mitzvah, then it would in fact be permitted to give it to other charitable matters other than support of the poor. There is also the view of the Drisha (YD 249:1 cited by both the Shach and TaZ) that one may give Maaser toward other Mitzvos if the other Mitzvah would not be performed were it not for the funds being given now.
BACK TO TUITION
So now let’s plug all this into our question regarding Yeshiva tuitions. As we have seen any parental obligation cannot be paid for by Maaser money. This is not just the ruling of the Chofetz Chaim (Ahavas Chessed Vol. II 19:2), but is also cited by the Eliyah Rabba (OC 156:2).
OBLIGATION OF FATHER TO TEACH TORAH
There is a Torah obligation for a father to teach his son Torah, or to hire someone else to do so (YD SIman 245 based upon Kiddushin 29a). The obligation is to teach Chumash and Gemorah, unless one does not have the resources to do so in which case the obligation is limited to Chumash. Rav Vosner zt”l (Shaivet HaLevi Vol. VIII #133) writes that a boy’s yeshiva tuition cannot be deducted from Maaser because of the obligation to teach him Torah sh’bal peh as well – i.e. Gemorah. Paying for the secular education of one’s own child is, in a sense, Tzedakah to one’s own children, because, at first glance, it is not part of the halachic obligations of the father.
All this seems to imply that the costs of providing for the secular education of our children should be maaserable, while the limudei kodesh portion of Yeshiva tuition would not be. So depending upon the Yeshiva, it would seem that 35% to 45 % of tuition would be allowed to be paid from one’s own Maaser funds.
RAV MOSHE FEINSTEIN’S VIEW
The problem with this is that Rav Moshe Feinstein writes (IM YD Vol. II #113) that nowadays, where the law forces a person to provide their children with a secular education, and doing so in a public school forum would seriously endanger their commitment to Judaism, it has now become obligatory. This is therefore considered a full parental obligation. The repercussions of Rav Moshe’s ruling are that no tuition is deductible from Maaser – whether for boys or for girls. The Sefer Ahavas Tzedaka (page 140) concludes that Rav Feinstein’s view is even according to the Poskim who allow Maaser funds to go toward other Mitzvah use – even if a condition is made (as the Chsam Sofer suggests). As an aside, although some have suggested that a single mother can fully deduct the tuition she pays from Maaser since she may not be obligated in Talmud Torah of her children according to some authorities – the problem that Rav Feinstein raises applies also to single mothers and would thus be equally problematic for single mothers.
NEW SUGGESTION
This author would humbly suggest that the tuition can still be partially paid from Maaser funds – for the following reason. There are a number of Yeshivos that are allowing students to come just for the Limudei Kodesh section of study and to go home for the Limudei Chol section. It is theoretically possible to do a home study course for Limudei Chol using an accredited home school study program. The cost of such a program, where real teachers grade papers, is some $1500 per year.
Since this is certainly a theoretically viable option for numerous children, this author would like to suggest that the following formula for what portion of one’s Yeshiva tuition can be deducted from Maaser. Of course, each person should consult with one’s own Rav or Posaik, but the formula is as follows:
Total sum of (Secular teacher’s salary plus (principal’s salary divided by the number of students in school)) divided by the number of students in the class. Subtract from this number the sum of $1500. Add to this the cost of rent of a classroom for half a day, the cost of utilities for half a day and the afternoon secretarial staff cost also divided by the number of the students in the school. This amount is the portion of one’s tuition that may be deducted from Maaser funds.
As an example, let’ say a certain Yeshiva’ high school’s tuition is $14,000 per year. After meeting with the tuition committee, an arrangement was made that the family pay $10,000 per year. The Yeshiva high school pays $8000 per period for five periods and the Limudei Chol principal gets paid $80,000 per year. The class has 20 boys and there are 160 boys in the school. The school pays rent in the sum of $20,000 per classroom per year. Power, water, gas and garbage amount to $40,000 per year for the afternoons.
Thus the cost of the teacher is $2000 per child. The shared cost of the principal is $500 per child, the secretary is $200 per child, utilities are $250 per child, rent is $1000 per child. Incidental expenses may be $50 per child. The total is $4000. Subtract from this figure the $1500 cost of home schooling. Approximately $2500 of the tuition may be paid from Maaser funds.
It could very well be that one should not only check with one’s Rav or Posaik, but also the school’s accountant.
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5 Responses
It is nice in theory but I would imagine it is extremely difficult to figure out. One would need to factor in every line item in the budget including insurance, administrative costs, donations, fundraising costs etc. I would highly doubt that many yeshiva business offices would be willing to make this calculation for each class (which can also change throughout the year). The difference between all this and the $1,500 figure may be negligible.
Perhaps if home schooling had been available during Rav Feinstein’s life, he would have changed his psak altogether. Home schooling should not be a threat to the Yiddishkeit of the child (if an appropriate home schooling program is chosen). I suggest you change your formula as follows. The government is forcing me to pay for $1500 worth of education per year. Therefore, the first $1500 of day school education must be paid from non-maaser. Any amount above $1500 of day school tuition may be paid from Ma’aser.
You also don’t mention that a wealthy person (such as someone who spends tens of thousands of dollars on vacations ) is forbidden from using Ma’aser for anything but genuine tzedakah.
I wonder if this would apply in a state that has school choice
Additional considerations along the same lines:
1) in many states, secular education can be obtained via online public school, already paid by taxes, that will make full cost of secular education if someone wants to pay it a maaser
2) you can obtain Jewish education either online or in a cheaper place. then, anything extra will be maaser
3) Some schools would not allow students to come only for Jewish classes. Is it ok from halakhic point of view, to condition a mitzvah of Jewish education with additional items?
The mechaber Rabbi Yair Hoffman generally writes gevalidge well written and researched articles on inyanei halacha/hashkafah that are a tremendous toeles to the Klal. The tzibbur should have much hakaras hatov to him for his Avodas Hakodesh as well as to Yeshiva World for publishing his articles. However in this particular case there would seem to be some need for a clarification; there is no shaayla that NO ONE can justify asking yeshivas for tuition breaks and then not paying full tuition for the sole purpose of paying other tzedakos to fulfill a perceived maaser kesafim obligation regardless if it is a minhag be’alma or a deoraysa. The conjecture from Rav Moshe’s teshuva is false; its actually punkt fahrkert – davka BECAUSE the chinuch in question is obligatory (on him and others in klal yisroel) it is MORE of a chiyuv to count Yeshiva tuition for maaser kesafim – not less- what greater place for tzedakah money could there be then a Yeshiva for chinuch habonim? There is no issue of “double dipping” money here-(using money one needs for a different chov to count for maaser) and if you argue it is an issue of “double dipping” then who gives anyone the right to ask tzedakah from the Yeshiva so that he can give the money to other organizations- yes, if you ask for a hanacha you are taking tzedakah (BTW all these cheshbonos of home schooling for limudei chol makes for a nice piece of lomdus but at the end of the day as CTRebbe points out in his comments it is all just theoretical and academic – almost no one is just sending their kids to Yeshiva for limudei Kodesh and then doing correspondence for chol- the Covid zoom tekufah proved what a disaster home schooling for many kids can be). To repeat if a Yid asks the Yeshiva for a break for the purpose of giving money to other tzedakos he is availing himself of the tzedakah of others; there should be no issue of double dipping. Yes, clearly if a person is of means and he has the luxury and money to pay full tuition and still pay maaser kesafim to other organizations that is proper and beautiful -tavoh alav bracha. The issue here though is whether a person of limited means will opt not to pay full tuition (ask for hanachos) to fulfill maaser obligations. In a recent issue of a popular Jewish publication, Rabbi Bender who runs a mossad in an ostensibly wealth kehillah said astoundingly that only 35% of parents are paying full tuition. One can only wonder if any of these parents are paying less than full tuition and asking for breaks so they can give money to other mosdos to fulfill what they believe to be maaser obligations. How can anyone justify that Rebbeim cannot be paid and other financial chovos of the Yeshivos cannot be covered because they “had” to give thousands of dollars to other mosdos. Many of these other mosdos are in need and do great work but there is no excuse for parents not to first give every dollar possible to cover tuition b4 funding anything else. This is lefianiyusdaati; of course everyone ask your local posek. Kol Tuv.