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The Torah uses several terms that seem to have similar meaning, but which appear in different contexts. What is a good way to define each of the following terms that helps distinguish one from another?
Melacha – Most often categories of activity prohibited in Shabbos or Yom Tov based on those used in the construction of the Mishkan. It can also refer to possessions (Shemos 22:7).
Ma’aseh – Also connected with Shabbos, but referring to activities performed during the other days of the week (Shemos 23:12).
Avoda – Sometimes refers to ritual or sacrifice, sometimes to the forced labor of Mitzrayim and sometimes to weekday activities (Shemos 20:8).
Thanks.
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Melacha mostly refers to the result not so much to the action. It can be defined as “constructive work”. This is why all melachos shabbos have a physical thing that is created or changed. (besides for hotza’a – which is why it is considered less of a melacha (see Rishonim Shabbos 2a).
Ma’aseh is the actual action of the worker.
Avodah is what one does for another. That is why it is called an Eved and Korbanos are called Avodah – it is done for Hashem.
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