Daas Yochid,
The chiluk I am making is between public and private conduct. So someone who opens their store on shabbos will lose their license (eventually, there might be fines first). But nothing will happen for turning on a light in your home.
For people who just “want to learn” I would say (something along these lines) they should be permitted to get a dichui for 5 years. After 5 years the various Torah institutions can each select a small group to continue learning within their institution. The rest will then have to report for army duty. Alternatively, at they could choose to enroll in a Hesder style program.
Anyone who after 5 years still refuses to serve, will lose all state financial benefits but will be permitted to work.