DY and rob: R’ Moshe agrees that there was no Mechitzah until Bayis Sheni. That in and of itself is his proof. He says it must be a Din D’Oraisa that in any case of public religious matters in which there is a concern of Kalus Rosh that you must separate the sexes. That is the basis of his P’sak. Because if a balcony for women was just a normal part of the Beis Hamikdash, it wouldn’t prove that you have to have a balcony, only that there was one and therefore it’s probably a good idea. The fact that they were allowed to add to the Binyan proved that it must be a Din Min Hatorah to allow this.
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