BSD:
First, the Yerushalmi (at least the online version) is on 16a, not 17a.
Second, the gemorah there is saying the women come to hear Hakhel, not just any Shiur.
Third, the Pasuk which R’ Elazar Ben Azariya brought is itself a Rayah against him, as per Rashi!
Obviously, from the question the Matrona asked and the answer given we see the point of R’ Elazer Ben Azariya:
The question asked was Aggadic: Why did those who did Chet HaEygel get three different deaths (Sword, Eigel dust & Plague)? To that he answered the pasuk of “Byadeha Tavu”, which means (As is pointed out on the Pasuk) the women who were not clean sewed the goats themselves so thet the hair should not become Tameh, which is a major Halacha! The obvious answer is there is a difference between practical & esoteric/Aggadic learning, the former is encouraged so that women should be able to do the mitzvos, even to the point of “not so practical” Halacha (as at some point it may be needed), while the latter is discouraged.
As an aside, this seems to be the opposite of what we do today, which is have our girls memorize Meforshim & ignore (each to its own degree) “Practical Halacha”.