When one begins construction in an area which contains fruit trees the question arises if one is allowed to cut them down. This is a very common issue when doing construction in the mountains where there are a lot of fruit trees. Many people are not aware of the halachosthat pertain to this issue and hopefully after learning through the halachos in this issue one will be more knowledgeable in this area.

The Source / Reason

The posukim in Parshas Shoftim[1] tell us “when you lay siege to a city for many days do not destroy the fruit trees there by swinging an ax because from them you will eat. A tree which is not going to be a fruit tree you may destroy.”[2] The Chinuch[3] says the reason for thismitzvah is to teach people to love and respect good things. This love will help ensure that they will keep away from bad, destructive things. The way of good people is to be happy with the world and not to destroy even a mustard seed.

Danger

Besides being a mitzvah mentioned in the Torah not to destroy fruit trees, Rav Yehuda Hachassid mentions this inyun in his will as one of the items which can be a danger.[4] The aspect of danger is also mentioned by many poskim.[5] Rav Chanina blamed the untimely death of his son on his son’s having cut down a fig tree when it was still bearing fruits.[6] The Gemorah[7] says one who cuts fruit trees will not see a good sign all his life. The poskim grapple with the uncertainty if this is an issur or a danger.[8] Some say that Rav Yehuda Hachassidadded that even if in a certain situation it may be permitted to cut down a fruit tree (as will be discussed later in this issue) one should still not cut it down.[9]

In Eretz Yisroel vs. Chutz L’aretz

Although some say this issur only applies in Eretz Yisroel,[10] this is not the overwhelming opinion and one should not rely on it.[11]

Need for the Place

There is a discussion in the poskim if one is allowed to cut down a fruit tree when one needs the space where the tree is located. Some say if one needs the place in order to build something there it is permitted,[12] but for an extension etc. which is not needed it is not allowed.[13] Others are stringent in any case.[14]

If Permitted – Does Danger Exist?

There is a big discussion in the poskim if one is permitted according to the letter of the law to destroy a fruit tree does some level of danger still exist if one were to destroy the tree, or once it is permitted according to the letter of the law then no danger exists at all. The opinion of the Yaavetz[15] and others[16] is that even though a fruit tree may be permitted to be cut down in certain situations one is forbidden to do so because the danger still exists and this the reason why the son of Rav Chanina died. However, the consensus of mostposkim is not in accordance with the stringent view and l’maseh if it is permitted to cut down a fruit tree one may do so without being concerned for any danger.[17]

Selling the Tree to a Non-Jew

Some say although one may be lenient and cut it down when it is permitted, one may sell the property containing the tree to a non-Jew who may cut it down.[18] Before selling the property one should dry out the tree.[19]

Telling a non-Jew to cut the Tree

According to some poskim one may not tell a non-Jew to cut down the tree since the non-Jew is the agent of the yid it is considered as if the yid is cutting it down himself.[20] Others say one may tell a non-Jew to cut down the tree.[21]

Prohibited Tress

Only trees which are halachically considered trees are included in this issur. Accordingly a tree which produces nuts may be chopped down.[22] According to the opinion of Horav Dovid Feinstein Shlita any tree whose fruit is not sold in stores may be destroyed.[23]  According to this opinion, acorn, crab apple, and wild berry trees may be destroyed since their fruit is not commonly sold. Additionally a tree which is not capable of bearing fruits may be destroyed and is not included in this issur.[24]

The Gemorah[25] says that any tree which produces a kav (around 1.9 liters) of dates is forbidden to be cut down. The shiur is less in regard to olives. The Rambam[26] says any tree whose produce is so minute that it is a bother to deal with may be destroyed.[27] According to some poskim a tree which bears fruits that contains worms may be cut down because people may come to eat the worms.[28] A tree which is young and only in its first year of growth may not be cut down even if there are only a few fruits on the tree.[29] A tree whose fruits taste sour is also forbidden to be cut down.[30]

For Mitzvah Purposes

One is permitting to cut down a fruit tree in order to do a mitzvah with the property.[31] Accordingly, one may cut down a fruit tree down in order to build a mikvah,[32] shul[33]  cemetery, etc.[34]

Branches

According to the opinion of many poskim the issur is only to cut down the fruit tree itself and cutting branches of a fruit tree is permitted.[35] This is true even if the branches contain fruit. This is very common when one is cutting branches to place on top his succah.[36]

Ownerless Trees

It would seem that cutting fruit trees which do not have any owner should not be done.[37]

If the Tree Causes Damage 

A tree which causes damage may be destroyed. For example, one may destroy a fruit tree if it is darkening the light coming into one’s house.[38] Others say it is better to cut down branches than to destroy the whole tree.[39] A fruit tree which is dangerous to walk under may be destroyed.[40] In a situation where a fruit tree causes flies it is better to sell the tree to a non-Jew who may cut it down (see above).[41] A fruit tree which was planted to serve as a fence (and not to eat) may be cut down.[42]

A Tree Which Produces Fruits Twice a Year

According to the writings of Rav Yehuda Hachassid a tree which produces fruits twice a year must be destroyed.[43]