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Avira, Rashi in Sotah says, וקיבול שכר מאלמנה שהיתה טורחת עצמה יותר מן הצורך כדי לקבל שכר כדמפרש ואזיל למדנו שיטריח אדם עצמו במצוה לקבל שכר יותר. He doesn’t say למדנו שתטריח אשה עצמה במצוה לקבל שכר יותר, but rather למדנו שיטריח אדם עצמו במצוה. According to your “pshat,” Rebbi Yochanan did not need to learn this concept with regard to men from the אלמנה, as he already knew that.
As for your questions, this was not a hotly debated topic in the בית המדרש, nor was it a well-known מחלוקת. The אלמנה came up with this סברא herself, and Rebbi Yochanan accepted it. He had not discussed it previously. And he could not have answered, “No,” as he realised she was right, and therefore accepted her סברא.