It is a contemporary approach to Judaism that seeks to integrate traditional Jewish values and observance with engagement in the modern world.
The origins of Modern Orthodox Judaism can be traced back to the 19th century, when Jewish communities in Europe were grappling with the challenges posed by modernity, secularism, and assimilation. Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch (1808–1888), a prominent figure in the development of Modern Orthodox thought, emphasized the importance of maintaining Jewish observance while also participating in the broader society. His writings and teachings laid the foundation for Modern Orthodox Judaism.
Commonalities among Modern Orthodox Jews include:
Commitment to Jewish Law (Halakha): Modern Orthodox Jews adhere to traditional Jewish laws and practices, known as Halakha, while also engaging with contemporary culture.
Synthesis of Tradition and Modernity: They strive to balance their observance of Jewish traditions with active participation in modern society, education, and professional pursuits.
Zionism: Many Modern Orthodox Jews are supportive of the State of Israel and view its establishment as a significant event in Jewish history.
Torah Study: The study of Torah (both written and oral) is highly valued in Modern Orthodox communities, and many individuals engage in regular Torah study.
Community Involvement: Modern Orthodox communities often emphasize communal engagement, social justice, and acts of kindness.
Ethical Values: Ethical teachings and values are important in Modern Orthodox Judaism, guiding interactions with others and promoting a sense of responsibility towards society.
In terms of practices being mandatory or optional, Modern Orthodox Judaism, like other branches of Judaism, follows a framework of Halakha. While certain practices are considered obligatory for all observant Jews, there are also areas of interpretation and flexibility. The level of observance might vary from individual to individual, but adherence to key aspects of Jewish law remains a central tenet.
Regarding the role of a Rabbi, in traditional Judaism, Rabbis are often consulted for guidance on matters of Jewish law, interpretation, and communal issues. In Modern Orthodox Judaism, Rabbis continue to play a significant role as sources of knowledge and guidance, but individual autonomy is also respected. People often seek guidance from Rabbis for clarifications on religious matters, ethical dilemmas, and personal decisions. Ultimately, the extent to which a person consults a Rabbi can vary based on personal choice, community norms, and the specific issue at hand.