Sincha, the chosid yaavetz was not blaming the inquisition on philosophy alone; he was saying that those who are consumed by it – something universally accepted as wrong, by proponents of philosophy – was the cause, or at least a large part of it. He’s describing a breakdown of yiddishkeit among those who were into it, not the study of it that was done by rabbonim.
And i disagree with your characterization of how gedolim explain tragedies. The satmar rov was quoting an open gemara that says that violation of the shevuos makes us hunted like animals.
But that’s for the gedolim to say. And most gedolim did not give direct causes, but said that the general abandonment of mitzvos caused it, which was plainly obvious to anyone who learns Chumash.
Also, people like me(i can only speak for myself though) quote the tosfos yom tov’s taanis chalom to explain tach vetat as being due to talking in shul, even though that’s hardly a political issue.
Communal tragedies require communal and personal introspection; no one’s questioning that, but it is up to the gedolim to offer daas torah into the causes of calamities, and they do. And sometimes it’s things like tznius that offend some people, but that’s their problem.