“You do not have a right to my work nor do I have a claim on yours.”
I don’t have a right to your work; Judaism isn’t about rights but about obligations. But if I am poor and you are well off you are obligated to help to support me. If you refuse to contribute to the communal charity fund you get flogged and get your property confiscated by beit din. That is Rambam, Hilchot Matanot Aniyim
“Flowing from that is the concept of Capitalism”
America did not have a concept of capitalism yet. Kal v’chomer the Torah would have been quite surprised to see it being used to support something that would not exist for thousands of years. The Torah actually supports draconian limits on free enterprise. It isn’t socialist, but it isn’t laissez-faire either.