Reply To: Were all Jews Frum before the Haskala?

Jews were more traditional, but there were a lot of ignorant Jews. There were periods of messianic Jews. Jews in Germany were more assimilated than Jews who lived in ghettos in the pale of settlement – parts of present day Russia, Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania. Even the Jews who were Maskilim or hellinists didn’t imtermarry at a high rate, if at all. In Germany, France, England, intermarriage was more common.