One must be a bar hachi. The Maharshal, the Schach and the Gra all disagreed with Rishonim. As for arguing with Acharonim, the major contemporary poskim are themselves Acharonim. Rav Asher Weiss has disagreed with the Chatam Sofer. The same goes for taking sides. Of course, a person can decide to rely on a certain posek against another, especially on a d’rabbanan (safek l’kula). This is not the same as arguing as he is not saying who he thinks is right.
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