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Shlucha, I think you (or your friend) have it confused between what Adam thought Hashem wanted and what Hashem actually wanted.
Hashem created the world to do good, to give all HIs good to his creations. He did not create it so that people should suffer. But to avoid nehama d’chisufa, good that one does not earn and therefore becomes shameful, He set up the mitzvos so that we can earn that good. If one does not do the mitzvos, one does not get the good.
Adam had one mitzva. Adam believed that Hashem actually wanted him to eat from the Etz Hadaas, so that he could achieve an even higher spiritual level, by showing he was willing to sacrifice his life (this idea can be found in the Meshech Chochma) or by doing teshuva. Meaning, Adam thought it was a set-up, so to speak. But that is not what Hashem wanted, and terrible consequences and suffering resulted from his misunderstanding of Hashem’s mitzva. And to this very day we have to be metakein this chet. The suffering that we have today is a consequence of man’s actions, and rationalizations, and not Hashem’s purpose for the world.
Maybe in this lies the answer- as people, we try to rationalize and try to understand what Hashem wants and we fool ourselves to think we understand it all. We need to admit that we are mere mortals, fallible who cannot possibly comprehend Hashem’s plans, and we should not try to apply our logic to Hashem’s Logic, but live the maxim of “tamim tehiyu im Hashem Elokecha” without cheshbonos. Yes, it does boil down to emuna, I can’t see how you can separate it from the answer.