YIDDISH is not a corruption of German. It is a pidgeon, of what Jews had been speaking (a pidgeon of Latin and Hebrew/Aramaic) with German. It is no more “corrupt” than English is (remember that English is a pidgeon of Norman French with Anglo-Saxon “Old” English). It isn’t surprising that there are no Turkish words in Yiddish, since Ashkenazim never had much contact with the Turks.
Had the Khazar Jews moved into Europe, they would probably have brought many interesting words with them – though the Khazar Jews were primarily Greek (meaning “Roman”) Jews who fled from the Byzantine Empire (as we now call it, they were “Romans” back then), and probably moved to the Middle East when forced to migrate (Europe was still a backwater). Some Khazar descendants were located learning in what is now Spain (then part of the Arab world).