The 17th and 18th century were turbulent times for Jews and Europe in general.
Jews suffered greatly from anti-semitism and poverty. The general peasants in Europe suffered similar problems. Revolutionary fever was spreadin g in europe following the French Revolution
The Shabtai Zvi false messiah was particulay damaging as people lost faith.
In general in Europe the Church was seen as corrupt and unfortunatly many people who called themselves Rav , did not deserve the title.
The response to these crisis were several, Some people felt the way to respond to anti-semitism was to get more rights and become more like the general Europeans and others to seperate themselves more. Those who wanted to become more like the general Europeans became part of the haskalah and those against became more charedi.
Charedism was not a response to the Haskallah, but rather both were responses to the general crisises in the jewish and European communities in general