Sources for halachos in my previous post:
1. Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chaim, Siman 4, Seif 13: If you are up all night it’s a safek if you have to wash.
Rema (that’s who Ashkenazim go by) there says that you must wash but w/o a bracha.
Mishna Brurah (whom Ashkenazim generally go by l’maaseh) says that it is a safek if you make a bracha. L’maaseh, he says that you should use the bathroom so that you will definitely be able to say a bracha.
2. Siman 4, Seif 3, S.A & M.B there.
3. I don’t have a source off-hand.
4. Siman 4, Seif 6 & 7, SA & MB. If you can, it’s better l’chatchila to use a kli, koach gavra and a r’viis of water. But if you can’t, you are still yotzei (fulfilled your obligation) w/o it. I made a mistke before about the koach gavra. I was thinking of the fact that the water has to be poured and you can’t just dip your hands in something.